If an English-speaking adult with limited opportunities for immersion in the language came to me today and said, “I want to learn Mandarin Chinese. Where should I begin?”, this is what I would answer.

“[Mandarin Chinese is] one of the most geopolitically important languages in the twenty-first century.”
– Jing Tsu, Kingdom of Characters: The Language Revolution that Made China Modern, 2022

Caveat

My personal experience cannot be generalized to apply to others.*

The claim, “If it worked for me, it can work for you,” is unlikely to be true, particularly for language learners who do not live in a country where the language is spoken, do not have a love interest who speaks the language, do not have in-person classes they can attend, or who live in an area with few people who speak the language. It oversimplifies the complexity of context and of individual differences.

That said, I have done 100+ hours of review of the research literature on adult second language learning, particularly of Mandarin Chinese. Beyond my own experience, I have case study data from having observed adult learners in this effort, this one, and others. I feel confident offering some limited guidance, with the caveat that individual needs and strengths vary.

I took a semester of Mandarin Chinese over 40 years ago, then started again in 2020 as the pandemic began. My intention is to learn to speak Mandarin Chinese well enough to have meaningful conversations.

If the person were uncertain about whether or not they wanted to learn Mandarin Chinese, I would suggest that, before doing anything else, they book a 30-minute lesson with italki instructor Benfang Wang. Benfang is a teacher unsurpassed in skill in helping beginners learn Mandarin Chinese while only speaking Mandarin Chinese. Here he is speaking with a complete beginner. Here he is speaking with me in 2021 and again in 2024.

I have worked with over 50 instructors. Benfang is a master teacher. My hypothesis is that, after 30 minutes with Benfang, if the person has a nascent spark of interest, that may flame to a passion that calls to learn more.

Why can’t a person just try a few apps or courses and see if something sticks? The person certainly can. But there’s an ominous statistic to consider.

Although this study focuses on elementary and secondary students in Australia, my case study data corroborates it: 95% of people who begin studying Mandarin Chinese quit. Adults have to find ways that are individually reinforcing and individually work for them very quickly to maintain the consistent effort needed to outrun the forgetting curve.

My hypothesis is that adults quit learning Mandarin Chinese because they don’t make enough progress fast enough to make it seem worthwhile.

The primary problem with learning Mandarin Chinese is remembering and not forgetting. The sounds are few in number so sound alike. The content is vast. Being able to speak and read requires a precision unknown in English.

The only Mandarin Chinese course I know of, and recommend, that offers a connected, systematic, reproducible way of learning to pronounce, read, and write characters is Mandarin Blueprint.

Their invention is ingenious. A learner is taught this process: With a character, associate initials with people, finals with places, tones with rooms within those places, components within characters as items, then imagine scenes in which action unfolds with those elements in the sequence in which the components are written in the character.

For each character, the learner creates a personally meaningful story. Some characters become instantly recognizable; some can be remembered through recognizing elements and the story attached. It’s quite miraculous. I often wish my parents were still alive. I can imagine their wonder that their 65-year-old daughter can pronounce, read, and use 藏 in a sentence.

. . . .

For people who do want to learn Mandarin Chinese, after hard, trial-and-error labor since 2020, this is how I wish I had begun.

About studying Mandarin Chinese as an adult, I wish someone had given me this guidance:

1. Treat each encounter with a new word or grammar point as one of the many needed. Research suggests that new language learners need 3 to 17 exposures to a new word to create strong enough connections in the brain to remember it. Neither students nor teachers can logically or fairly expect that one round of instruction will result in either remembering the word or grammar point or being able to use it accurately at the next opportunity.
2. Connect each new word or grammar point to something meaningful that you already know. Remembering is the greatest challenge for adult learners of Mandarin Chinese. The adult human brain can learn and remember new information – and repetition does help – but learning Chinese requires both phonological and semantic processing. Learners need to intentionally connect the sounds of words and their meanings to personal experience.
3. Focus on mastery, not on “more.” Learn a few things deeply and well rather than many things superficially and forgettably. More is not better, although enthusiastic teachers may believe they are giving you more value by offering you more new words, more grammar points, more learning resources.  Adding too much new information too quickly simply overwhelms the cognitive capacity of the adult human brain.
4. Begin with, and continue to practice, self-kindness. Some things in life don’t happen as a result of character, desire, insight, or will. When learning languages as an adult, since one can always do more or know more, self-criticism, self-judgment, and worry aren’t merited. Self-appreciation and self-kindness are merited.
5. Use self-awareness to monitor what delights you and what doesn’t. Do what delights you.
6. Make it daily.

Then:

1. Open a Hack Chinese account. Bypass use of Anki, Traverse, and/or other spaced repetition software for now.
2. Take the Mandarin Blueprint Pronunciation Mastery course. It is imperative to learn correct pronunciation before learning characters so when characters are learned and reviewed, they are pronounced with precision in the mind and with the mouth. (To test whether or not Mandarin Blueprint is a fit, the course is available for 15 days for $7. The full course is about $1K, payable in installments, and offers a 90-day money back guarantee. I have no affiliation with any sources mentioned in this post.) My suggestion is to crank through the Pronunciation Mastery course videos, skipping making flashcards. Practice with the videos and move on. If needed, the course can be reviewed again later. I took it twice. Luke has summarized the content of the Pronunciation Mastery course in 1 hour.
3. Master pronunciation. “Don’t practice until you get it right. Practice until you can’t get it wrong.” – Outlier Linguistics
4. Record yourself speaking. Download and save the first audio you record to return to later. Vocaroo is easy to use.
5. Start a personal vocabulary list in Hack Chinese. Add a very small number of characters and words from the Pronunciation Mastery class that are personally meaningful or interesting to you. Try diligently to add what you are beginning to recognize, not what you wish you knew. Review these as you complete the PM course.
6. Join me and fellow study buddies who are Mandarin Chinese “streakers,” i.e. daily studiers of Mandarin Chinese who check in via Google doc.
7. When you complete Mandarin Blueprint’s Pronunciation Mastery course, as a pre-test, take HSK level, an assessment created using an artificial intelligence algorithm by François-Pierre Paty, Ph.D. HSK level is the only credible, online assessment that I have been able to find that serves as a reasonable pre-test/post-test to measure gains. One needs to save the results page as a .pdf to retain the results. The results are not stored or retrievable.
8. Create a Mandarin Blueprint (MB) Phase 1 vocabulary list in Hack Chinese by importing the character list in the progress link at the end of Level 6. Note: This step is possible if you’re a daily studier. If not, doing this may be too much information, too quickly.
9. In Hack Chinese, add props/components cards to your first MB list. For example, in Level 4, you will learn 兑. The component at the top, 丷 also has a card in Hack Chinese. In Level 5, you will learn 说 = 讠 + 兑. In Hack Chinese, 讠also has a card. Adding characters and components keeps your list comprehensive.
10. As you learn characters and components – termed “props” in Mandarin Blueprint – use Purple Culture or another source to add to the notes the original names and meanings of the components.**
11. Memorize the tone with the character. Mandarin Blueprint uses the method of loci (also termed “memory palace“) to help learners remember tones. I envision their system as a “tone house” and place characters within rooms.
12. Add a Simplified Characters keyboard to your electronic devices and begin using characters in your messages and emails.
13. Start Phase 1 of Mandarin Blueprint. Although it will be difficult because many of the characters will seem unrecognizable, start reviewing the MB Phase 1 list in Hack Chinese every day for 2 minutes (or more, based on your schedule and your awareness of your inner experience – don’t push, easy does it.) Just start getting familiar with these first characters.
14. Continue discovering your own personal study strengths and interests. Monitor your inner experience and repeat activities that bring you a sense of flow and satisfaction. Experiment with the review schedule that works for you.
15. On the Hack Chinese dashboard is a list of hard words. You can send these to a teacher. Book a lesson with italki instructor Benfang Wang, message him that you are a beginner, and copy and paste the “hard words message” into the message box.
16. Get ready to speak only Mandarin Chinese AS A BEGINNER using words you know and will be taught. Benfang Wang is a teacher unsurpassed in skill in helping beginners speak only in Mandarin. Here he is speaking with a complete beginner and here he is speaking with me in 2021. Note: It is critical to speak only Mandarin when learning Mandarin. Research studies suggest an adult must suppress the native language in order to optimally acquire a new, target language.
17. Record yourself speaking after your experience with Benfang. Compare this recording to your first recording.
18. Engage in passive listening. Listening to audio in the target language while doing other tasks is termed “statistical learning (SL), the unguided, automatic extraction of regularities from the environment through passive exposure.” (Alexander et al., 2022) Andrew Methven recommends these podcasts.
19. Watch this video on word order from Shuo of Shuoshuo Chinese.
20.  After you have finished about 300 characters in MB, try reading Twenty Three Cats. If all goes well, you will become a reader of simplified Chinese characters, skipping over the few words you don’t know to find out what happens next! It’s wondrous! If you can’t establish a reading flow, just stop. This will come.
21. Experience the swirl of delightful synergy created by  pronunciation + characters + vocabulary + reading + speaking + listening! This synergy provides the early and immediate reinforcement busy adults need to keep studying.
22. After you are able to read Twenty Three Cats, consider continuing with other graded reader texts. If reading is not your cup of tea, let it go! This will come. Graded reading materials of interest to adults are difficult to find. Possibilities for reading include: Mandarin Companion, Chinese Breeze, Imagin8 Press, Du Chinese (stories), and The Chairman’s Bao (news). Frank, an instructor with italki, has custom-created several graded reader texts for our group of study buddies, posted in Google docs, including The Gift of the Magi and Rickshaw Boy.
23. Retake HSK level at intervals personally meaningful to you.
24. Keep going with Mandarin Blueprint to get a core 1,000 characters done.
25. There are many enrichment options*** after this! 加油！

Consider working with additional instructors.

I’ve had over 600 lessons with italki instructors and had sessions with about 50 teachers through italki and other means. I currently only meet with 3 of them. Why?

Ultimately, at nearly 65 years old, I need to have an excellent customer experience. At the end of the session, I need to feel a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment, not a sense of inadequacy or failure. Given the complexity and difficulty of the task of helping an educated, articulate adult navigate the limits of speaking in a new language, this requires an instructor with extraordinary awareness and skill.

I seek instructors who

1. speak only Mandarin Chinese during lessons (because adults must suppress their native languages in order to optimally acquire a new, target language),
2. have expertise in adult second language learning and teaching,
3. are focused primarily on me as a learner, rather than on themselves as a teacher,
4. see me, hear me, recognize what I know, and help me build on that.

I have had a great deal of difficulty finding instructors who meet these criteria.

If instructors

1. speak English during the session,
2. speak more than half the time,
3. correct me so frequently I can’t complete my thought or sentence,
4. fill in what I’m struggling to say or a character I’m trying to read without giving me time to retrieve the content from my brain, thus robbing me of the chance to make a new connection,
5. give me advice before they learn what I’ve already tried,
6. focus on what I do incorrectly rather than help me build upon what I know,
7. introduce too much new content too quickly for me to be able to connect it efficiently with what I already know,
8. insist on using their content rather than what is personally meaningful to me,
9. lead me to feel small vs. collaborate with me as a fellow adult,

I say 谢谢 and don’t book another session.

I’ve cried 一万 tears and wasted 100s of hours trying to convince teachers to speak only Mandarin with me, to help me try to think in Mandarin, and to catch me doing something right.  Shaping works. Success breeds success. If the instructors don’t get it, they don’t get it, and probably won’t. Move on.

In working with instructors, I have gained the most benefit from asking questions about materials of interest to me. For example, I’ve asked to share my screen and used this public, graded reader level version of The Gift of the Magi by italki instructor Frank to get help with pronunciation, reading fluency, and grammar points.

About the image

The image is a screenshot from my Hack Chinese dashboard from August 12, 2023. I subscribed to Hack Chinese short of a year ago, in October, 2022, on the recommendation of a study buddy, to review words used in Mandarin Companion graded readers. I used it intermittently until mid-August, 2023, when a study buddy shared his screen with his dashboard showing me the results of daily reviews for over a year. 哇！I want what he has! I am on my way!

I have no affiliations with any of the service providers mentioned in this post.

My understanding evolves. I will continue to update this post.

“There is a phrase in China, “zhiyin” (知音), used to describe the person who knows you best…As far apart as China and the United States may seem, our futures are deeply intertwined, and the world’s destiny lies in our collective hands. Americans must try to understand the hopes, dreams and aspirations of the Chinese people.”
– Carla Dirlikov Canales, opera singer and U.S. arts envoy, guest essay for The New York Times, 10/07/2023

. . . . .

*My personal experience can be termed case study data, anecdotal data, experiential data, and/or qualitative data. My personal experience cannot be equated with quantitative, human subjects research data which reports on answers to questions about what helps most people, most of the time, better than other things, and better than nothing.

**Knowing the original meanings of components, rather than trying to remember pictographs based on how they look, is more helpful for reading characters in the long run. Only about 5% of Chinese characters are pictographs.

For example, 且 qiě means “and; moreover; yet; for the time being; to be about to; both (… and…)” and is composed of these components:
月 [ yuè ] moon; month
一 [ yī ] one; a, an; alone

In Mandarin Blueprint, the suggested image to remember for 且 is a bookcase, but that’s pretty distant from the true meaning.

In my opinion, Mandarin Blueprint’s invention is a true innovation in the learning of Mandarin Chinese by adults. Learning both – the elements of their method, plus the original meaning of components – is ideal.

This post from Mandarin Blueprint on learning Chinese by yourself is very helpful.

***I have tried dozens of courses, programs, texts, and apps, and have worked – mostly briefly – with over 50 instructors. I have only a very few recommendations for post-1,000 character enrichment. Other than graded readers and a few instructors, these are the only resources that align with what research suggests and that I have found myself returning to when I seek further clarification or instruction.

Enrichment

• Mandarin Blueprint through Level 47, character number 1,000 (requires subscription to view). The course can be continued for exposure to 3,000+ characters.
• Rita’s pronunciation course, Finding Your Mandarin Voice. It’s excellent, but I did not complete it.
• Rita’s speaking course, Chat Like a Chinese Native. This is an informed, comprehensive, beautiful, engaging course. Again, excellent, but I did not complete it.

Still at too high of a level for me but I find the content fascinating:

• RealTime Mandarin by Andrew Methven and team.

Interesting and helpful:

• Story Learning Chinese with Annie – YouTube
• Dashu Mandarin – YouTube
• Shuoshuo Chinese – YouTube
• HSKlevel

Reading Harry Potter, sentence-by-sentence

Thanks to a podcast interview I heard on You Can Learn Chinese in 2020 with a woman who taught herself to read Chinese using Chinese translations of the Harry Potter novels, and Andrew Methven‘s encouragement to find a text I love and muscle through it, sentence-by-sentence, I am doing just that.

I am using this Kindle version of the first Harry Potter novel. I aim to read – and look up unknown vocabulary and grammar points – at the rate of one sentence per day.

. . . . .

Anne Giles, M.A., M.S., L.P.C., is a Licensed Professional Counselor in the Commonwealth of Virginia, U.S.A., and a student of Mandarin Chinese. She has passed the pre-2021 HSK 1 and HSK 2 exams but did not pass the HSK 3 exam in 2021. She holds master’s degrees in curriculum and instruction and mental health counseling, and a Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) certificate. She attended the virtual National Chinese Language Conference in 2021 and 2022. She has taught English at the middle school, high school, and college levels. Her experience in working with non-native speakers of English includes serving as a support person for two visiting scholars from China to Virginia Tech, 1982-1983, tutoring non-native speakers, working with language exchange partners, and enjoying co-housing with international visiting scholars, 2020 to the present. She is a volunteer tutor with Literacy Volunteers of the New River Valley, Virginia.

Last updated 07/23/2024

All content is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional advice. Consult a qualified professional for personalized medical, health care, and professional advice.

If you are an adult living in the Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S.A. area, are studying Mandarin Chinese, or are a native speaker interested in offering support, you are invited to attend this gathering.

What? Mandarin Chinese Meetup: Let’s Play Go Fish, a popular American card game. (Here are the rules.)
Why? To engage in an activity where we speak only Mandarin Chinese in order to foster speaking the language on a meaningful level. For our purposes, “meaningful” is defined as “the ability to speak, listen, write, think, feel, work, present, relate, collaborate, and connect in Mandarin Chinese.”
Why else？To win prizes! The winner of each round will receive a 紅包 hóng bāo red envelope with a gift card inside.
How? For an hour, we enter the Chinese-speaking world and live Mandarin Chinese!
Where? Lobby of 102 Hubbard Street, Blacksburg, Virginia
When? Friday, March 23, 2023, April 7, 2023, 5:15 – 6:15 PM EDT
Cost? None. Attending the meetup is free.
For whom? Adults who are learning Mandarin Chinese and native speakers of Mandarin Chinese. Learners who know a minimum of 200 words can help keep the conversation flowing. Please note: This event is for adults only. Unfortunately, we cannot accommodate children.
How do I sign up? Walk-ins are welcome.
How can I track my progress? You are invited to take the HSKlevel before you attend each meetup. You can take the assessment at any time and track your progress over time.
Questions? Please contact Anne Giles.

Participants are asked to make this pledge:

“To optimize the learning of all, I agree to willingly use Mandarin Chinese only for the entirety of the meeting. I understand that interjecting English into the conversation may interfere with the learning of others. I understand that, if I use English once, I will be expected to correct myself immediately. If I persist, I will have broken my agreement.”

(For other examples of language speaking agreements, please see the language pledges from Middlebury College, Princeton, Georgetown and Auburn. Brandeis’s All Language Lunch requires a language pledge. Here is a 2010 presentation on language pledges.)

To prepare for the meetup on Friday, April 7, 2023:

1. Please read these rules in English on how to play Go Fish. A translation of that page in Simplified Characters by italki instructor Frank is provided below.

2. Learn or review the pronunciation of the numbers from 2 to 10 in Mandarin Chinese, plus these words for the names of cards:

尖 jiān ace
K pronounced “K”
圈 quān queen
勾 gōu jack

3. Learn or review the pronunciation of these Go Fish terms.

给我你的_____.
Gěi wǒ nǐ de_____.
Give me your (name of the card).
Example: 给我你的K。
Gěi wǒ nǐ de K.
Give me your kings.

去钓鱼!
Qù diàoyú!
Go fish!

炸弹 zhàdàn
four-of-a-kind; a book of cards

In English, four-of-a-kind is called a “book” of cards. In Chinese, four-of-a-kind is called a “bomb” or “boom,” for example, 4 kings, 4 aces, and so on. Therefore, when playing Go Fish (Qù diàoyú 去钓鱼), four-of-a-kind is termed “炸弹 zhàdàn.” When playing Dòu dìzhǔ 斗地主, four-of-a-kind is also termed “炸弹 zhàdàn.”*

用英语，“book”就是任何4张一样的牌。用中文，”炸弹”就是任何四张一样的牌，比如 4张王，4张A等等。所以，玩去钓鱼的时候，”炸弹”是四张一样的牌。玩斗地主的时候，四张一样的牌也叫“炸弹”。*

4. Imagine yourself playing Go Fish, anticipate words and sentences you might need, look them up, and start practicing!

A tip sheet with other card-related words and terms will be provided at the meeting.

Card decks will also be provided.

What is the format of the meeting?

1. At the start of the meeting, instructions will be given in English.

2. We engage in Mandarin Chinese-only conversation activities in large and small groups.

3. We return to English. To close the meeting, participants are asked to take turns sharing what they observed about their own process and the insights they gained.

*If you are interested in playing, or learning to play, Dòu dìzhǔ 斗地主, and live in the Blacksburg, Virginia area, please contact me. Here is a Wikipedia description of Dòu dìzhǔ, here are the rules, here is a video with three players explaining Dòu dìzhǔ in English , and here is a video with the game explained by a Mandarin Chinese teacher.

Questions? Please contact Anne Giles.

. . . . .

This gathering is part of a larger effort to create synergy and community among local Mandarin Chinese learners and speakers. In particular, this is an attempt to find or create daily, in-person opportunities for adults learning Mandarin Chinese in the Blacksburg, Virginia area to practice speaking, listening, and interacting on a meaningful level.

For more information and for background on the format of the meeting, please see this first post about our Mandarin Chinese Meetup.

. . . . .

Go Fish rules, translated by italki instructor Frank:

“去钓鱼” 是一个很有趣的扑克牌游戏，小孩也觉得有意思喜欢玩。

需要准备什么？
一副52 张的扑克牌。一些牌发出去以后，剩下的牌还要用。

副 measure word for poker card

怎么玩才可以赢？·
谁拿到的炸弹最多，谁就赢了。 炸弹就是四张一样的牌，比如4张 K、4张 A 等等。

怎么看牌的大小？
A是牌点最大的牌，然后是K、 Q、 J、10、 9、 8、 7、 6、 5、 4、 3、 2。
2 是 牌点最小的牌。

牌大小不用看牌的花色，只看牌号，比如两个 3、两个 10 等等。

怎么发牌？

让一个玩家给每个玩家发一张牌。 让大家看到牌号。
牌点最低的玩家是庄家。 庄家洗牌，庄家右边的玩家切牌。

然后，庄家顺时针给每个人一次发一张牌，牌面朝下，不能让其他人看到牌号。
庄家发牌的时候要从他左边的玩家开始。

如果两个或三个人玩，每个人拿七张牌。 如果四五个人玩，每个人拿五张牌。
庄家发完牌把剩下的牌面朝下放在桌子上。

怎么玩？

先从庄家左边的玩家开始，他就是钓鱼的人。他可以和任何一个人说，比如，“Tom, 把你的10给我”，一般是先叫那个人的名字，然后让他把牌交出来，从 A 到 2随便选一个牌号。 如果正在“钓鱼”的玩家想要10，那么他手里必须有一张牌是10。要不然，他不能问别人有没有10。

如果Tom有10，他必须交出他所有的10。
如果Tom没有10，他要说：“去钓鱼！。
和Tom要牌的玩家必须从桌子上剩下的牌里抽一张，然后放在他手里。
抽牌的时候，只能抽最上面的那一张牌。

如果钓鱼的人拿到了一张或者几张他想要的牌，他可以继续和Tom要牌，也可以和另一个人要牌。钓鱼的人可以继续要同一张牌或不同的牌。 只要钓鱼的人成功拿到牌，他就可以继续要。 钓鱼的人从别人手里拿牌的时候，牌号必须让大家看到。 如果钓鱼的人拿到四张一样的牌的最后一张， 他得让大家看到这四张牌的牌号，然后把这四张牌面朝上放在桌子上，然后再玩一次。

如果玩家去钓鱼的时候，一张牌都没有拿到，那就得从他左边的人开始下一轮。

13个炸弹（四张一样的牌）被赢完后，游戏就结束了。 谁的炸弹最多谁就赢了。

在玩这个游戏的时候，如果玩家手里没有牌了，他们可以在轮到他玩的时候从桌子上剩下的牌里抽牌。比如他抽到了5，然后再和别人要牌点是5的牌。

如果桌子上剩下的牌没有了，那他就出局了。

扑克的四种花色：
黑(hēi)桃(táo)♠ spade
红(hóng)桃(táo)♥heart
梅(méi)花(huā)♣club
方(fāng)块(kuài)♦diamond

All content on this page is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for medical, professional, and/or legal advice. Consult a qualified professional for personalized medical, professional, and legal advice.

If you are an adult living in the Blacksburg, Virginia area, are studying Mandarin Chinese, or are a native speaker interested in offering support, you are invited to attend this gathering.

We have devised activities that give people the opportunity to use the words they know and, thus, experience success, engage pleasantly with others, and enter a Mandarin Chinese-only world for an hour.

What? Mandarin Chinese Meetup
Why? To practice speaking Mandarin Chinese on a meaningful level. For our purposes, “meaningful” is defined as “the ability to speak, listen, write, think, feel, work, present, relate, collaborate, and connect in Mandarin Chinese.”
How? For an hour, we enter the Chinese-speaking world and live Mandarin Chinese!
Where? Lobby of 102 Hubbard Street, Blacksburg, Virginia
When? Friday, February 10, 2023, 5:15 – 6:15 PM
Cost? None. Attending the meetup is free.
For whom? Adults who are learning Mandarin Chinese and native speakers of Mandarin Chinese. Learners who know a minimum of 200 words can help keep the conversation flowing.
How do I sign up? Walk-ins are welcome.
How can I track my progress? You are invited to take the HSKlevel before you attend your first meetup. You can take it again at any time and track your progress over time.

Participants are asked to make this pledge:

“To optimize the learning of all, I agree to willingly use Mandarin Chinese only for the entirety of the meeting. I understand that interjecting English into the conversation may harm the learning of others. I understand that, if I use English once, I will be expected to correct myself immediately. If I persist, I will have broken my agreement.”

(For other examples of language speaking agreements, please see the language pledges from Middlebury College, Princeton, Georgetown and Auburn. Brandeis’s All Language Lunch requires a language pledge. Here is a 2010 presentation on language pledges.)

For the next meetup on Friday, February 10, 2023:

1. Please write an open-ended, conversation-fostering question that invites engagement, belonging, and connection. Examples include these, these, these, and these (podcast in Mandarin Chinese with transcript of questions).
2. Translate your question into simple, plain language, Mandarin Chinese.
3. Bring 6 copies of the question in Chinese characters, pinyin, and English.

To begin, this is the first question we will take turns asking and answering:

如果你要临时纹身一个汉字，你会选择哪个汉字？为什么？
Rúguǒ nǐ yào línshí wénshēn yīgè hànzì, nǐ huì xuǎnzé nǎge hànzì? Wèishéme?
If you were to get a temporary tattoo of a Chinese character, what character would you choose? Why?

What is the format of the meeting?

1. At the start of the meeting, instructions will be given in English.

2. We engage in Mandarin Chinese-only conversation activities in large and small groups.

3. We return to English. To close the meeting, participants are asked to take turns sharing what they observed about their own process and the insights they gained.

In case of inclement weather or public health requirements, the Mandarin Chinese meetup will meet via Zoom. The link will be posted on this page on the day of the meetup.

Please note: The intent of this meetup is to enrich, rather than replace, an individual’s study plan. The meetup is not a class and the facilitator is not an instructor.

Why is speaking only in Mandarin Chinese so hard?!

People experience two levels of vulnerability. Any human conversation requires letting down one’s guard a bit. Then to use a language with which one is not confident or expert? Doubly difficult!

At a conversation table, people experience the vulnerability and complexity of conversations. They ask a question and see if anyone thinks it’s interesting enough to answer. They need to experience – and tolerate – the unease that comes from the uncertainty of not knowing what to say, of not knowing if someone understands what they mean, and if they understand what someone else means. Some attempts at starting conversations succeed. Some fail. Some result in lively sharing. Some don’t. These are the normal challenges with human conversations. To the table, participants bring themselves, their conversational skills – such as they are! – and their second language knowledge and just try!

Here is a guide to being a good conversationalist from Indeed.com.

Context

Adults who begin studying Mandarin Chinese are generally enthusiastic, determined and skilled at learning. They are willing to reorder their lives’ priorities – such as work, relationships, and families – to include time to study Mandarin Chinese in their already-full schedules.

However, case study data about adults and research data about primary and secondary school students suggest that the vast majority of students who begin learning Mandarin Chinese quit.

To attempt to address high attrition rates among adults, I am attempting to derive a replicable protocol for adults to learn Mandarin Chinese optimally and efficiently.

This gathering is an attempt to contribute to the learning of Mandarin Chinese by busy adults. We experiment with a variety of activities designed for efficient learning. To optimize learning, the activities are designed to synthesize and apply the latest research on cognitive neuroscience, memory, language learning, and the psychology of language learning.

Highlights include these findings:

1. Gains from interaction exceed those from solo study.
2. In non-beginners, gains from speaking the target language only exceed those from speaking both the native and the target languages.
3. In adults, when intentionally engaging in the target language, thinking and speaking in the native language is a risk factor for impairing acquisition.

Why is no English spoken?

1. ROI. Our return on investment (ROI) will be greater towards our end in mind from an hour spent speaking only Mandarin Chinese than speaking a mix of our native languages and our target language.
2. Do no harm/altruism. We’re trying to help, not hurt, each other.
3. Global citizenry and humanity. At the conversation table, we are not teachers and students, nor natives and non-natives. We are people speaking Mandarin Chinese together – however inaccurately and imperfectly – to try to communicate and connect with each other, person to person.

“I am neither an Athenian, nor a Greek, but a citizen of the world.”
– attributed to Socrates by Plutarch

Based on the way the adult human brain works, adult learners of Mandarin Chinese need to attempt to directly use Mandarin Chinese – to “think” in Mandarin Chinese – because translating back and forth between languages hurts retention and mastery. Linguists have a ghastly term for this phenomenon – parasitism! In fact, according to Li and Jeong, 2020, thinking in English, then translating into Mandarin Chinese, is a major risk factor for preventing “adults from acquiring a foreign language to native competence.”

Although the use of a learner’s native language – rather than the language they are trying to learn – may be well-intended, the result may be experienced as othering, an indication of not belonging and a form of exclusion. Our primary goal is to connect!

Finally, we are attempting to simulate total, 100% immersion and gain the “native-like brain processing” benefits it can offer to adults.

Why is speaking only Mandarin Chinese difficult?

When adults search for words in a second language, they experience vulnerability and ambiguity, the latter of which Wang, 2021, defines as “uncertainty of meaning, kinds of complexity, novelty, unexpectedness, or a lack of clear-cut solutions.” Ambiguity naturally creates stress and distress. Our activities are designed to help participants use what they know, thus reducing ambiguity and stress, and increasing ambiguity tolerance.

Interaction with open-ended questions

Since, as Li and Jeong put it, “[L]anguage serves a social communicative purpose and is fundamentally a social behavior,” our meetup will be interactive and we will attempt to ask open-ended questions.

Why ask open-ended questions?

Open-ended questions allow participants to use vocabulary they know, in both questions and answers, rather than struggle to answer specific questions using vocabulary they may not know. Further, open-ended questions invite exploration and discovery. Close-ended questions require only a yes-no or single-word answer. Being asked a series of close-ended questions can sometimes feel threatening, like enduring a test or interrogation, rather than engaging in a social interaction. The adult human brain seems to learn and remember best in a modulated state of safety and calm.

open-ended question
kāifàng shì wèntí
开放式问题

close-ended question (yes or no, this or that)
fēngbì shì wèntí (shì huò fǒu, zhè huò nà)
封闭式问题（是或否，这或那）

Mandarin Chinese learners

• To foster conversational flow, if you wish to ask questions about the language, please wait until after the meetup ends.
• Please follow the 4-second rule. Sì miǎo fǎzé. 四秒法则。A typical pause in speech lasts only about a quarter to half a second. If, within about 4 seconds, you can’t quite find what you want to say, please say:
  Qǐng xià yīgè rén.
  请下一个人.
  Next person, please.

Native speakers

• If you wish to talk about the language or teach someone something about the language, please wait until after the meetup ends.
• To foster conversation, please speak at normal volume and at a standard conversational speech rate, between 130-150 words per minute.

The facilitator fosters a structured, supportive, safe, non-judgmental environment.

“Advice, without invitation, can feel like criticism.”
– David Kessler

This meeting is part of a larger effort to create synergy and community among local Mandarin Chinese learners and speakers. In particular, this is an attempt to find or create daily, in-person opportunities for adults learning Mandarin Chinese in the Blacksburg, Virginia area to practice speaking, listening, and interacting on a meaningful level.

If you have a local, in-person, Mandarin Chinese conversation opportunity to recommend, please contact Anne Giles.

If you study Mandarin Chinese using Mandarin Blueprint and are interested in a Blacksburg, Virginia area meetup, please contact Anne Giles.

Local, additional attempts to use the findings of research to help support adults learning Mandarin Chinese have included a 90-day workshop and a 30-day workshop.

This gathering is co-listed on Meetup.

About the facilitator

Anne Giles, M.A., M.S., L.P.C., is a Licensed Professional Counselor in the Commonwealth of Virginia, U.S.A., and a student of Mandarin Chinese. She has passed the HSK 1 and HSK 2 exams. She took the pre-2021 HSK 3, passed the listening portion, but not the full exam because she cannot yet read characters well enough. She holds master’s degrees in curriculum and instruction and mental health counseling, and a Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) certificate. As an undergraduate at Virginia Tech, she studied Chinese history. She took one semester of Mandarin Chinese at the University of Connecticut in 1981. She attended the National Chinese Language Conference virtually in 2021 and 2022. She has taught English at the middle school, high school, and college levels.

Last updated 2/2/2023

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